Hi Christian,
I suggest you try the attached VI. It is one of our Example VIs that ship with the driver and it does Asynchronous TX. The main difference that I see with your VI is that in the example we create a Complex double cluster that goes into the input of the USRP Write VI.
If you want to send more complex signals, like a square wave, have you tried modulating your message in AM or FM and demodulate back in RX.
Let me know if the example worked for you.
Best regards,
Karim