Hello d_touch,
You are correct that you cannot clock the ADC on the 5122 lower than 30 MHz. The decimation allows for lower sample rates but the ADC is clocked at the rate of the clock that is decimated.
For example, the VCXO is 100 MHz on the 5122 and this is tied directly to the ADC, so the ADC is always running at 100 MHz when you use the onboard clock. If you specify a sample rate of 50 MS/s in NI-Scope what happens is the data comes out of the ADC at 100 MHz (100 MS/s) but only every other sample is stored in memory. If you asked for a sample rate of 25 MS/s, every 4 sample is saved to memory. Does this make sense? The NI 5122 allows you to do the same thing with external clocks. You can input a 30 MHz clock but you can configure for sample rates lower than 30 MHz, such as 15 MS/s. The 30 MHz clock is connected to the ADC though and for the 15 MS/s rate, every other sample coming out of the ADC is stored into memory.
Hope this clears this up.
-Brian