Single means one and multiple means more than 1. It's really pretty basic. If you select single channel single sample, you will get 1 sample from 1 channel. If you select 1 channel multiple samples, you will get more than 1 sample from that single channel.
Finite and continuous are also pretty basic principles. If you select finite samples, the DAQmx Read does a single acquisition when called, returns the requested number of samples, and stops until called again. If continous, acquisition is nonstop and you have to keep reading at a sufficient pace in order to keep the acquisition buffer from overflowing.