It's a PC running NI Linux Real-Time, not the supported Pharlap install that comes with the USB desktop utility.
And this is my problem. I have a need for Linux and LabVIEW Real-Time, not LabVIEW for Linux with the PREEMPT_RT patch.
MAX uses mDNS for network discovery, and the Avahi client running on Linux targets should identify the machine. But somewhere this link is not working.
I should have a Linux-based cRIO on the way in December, so this attempt at undocumented workarounds is over.